Knopf's Influence Operation Typology

Description
  • Military Deterrence/Coercion
    • Direct Punishment
      • Retaliation against the VEO
      • Retaliate against the community/society which the VEO claims to represent
    • Indirect Punishment
      • Against state sponsors/enablers
      • Against private supporters/enablers
  • Non-military Deterrence/Coercion
    • Denial
      • Strategic
      • Operational
      • Tactical
    • Alternative (non-military) Punishment Threats
      • Legal (e.g., arrest and imprisonment)
      • Financial sanctions
  • Bargaining/Negotiations/Dialogue
    • Negotiations
      • With the VEO as a whole
      • With Third Parties who can influence the VEO
      • Attempts to identify and separate out moderates
    • Dialogue
      • Promote dialogue among groups
  • Persuasion and Counternarrative
    • Persuasion
      • Deradicalization
    • Deterrence by Counternarrative/Delegitimation
      • WMD focus
  • Positive Incentives/Opening Up Alternative Options
    • Economic Development & Incentives
    • Opportunities for Peaceful Political Change
      • Democracy promotion